CASE: N-400 Citizenship / Naturalization
APPLICANT: Indian
LOCATION: Cleveland, Ohio
ISSUEs: Rebuttable Presumption / Continuous Residence

Our client contacted us in late April of 2012. He came to the United States from India as a derivative beneficiary of his father’s immigrant visa in 2007 and became a permanent resident. He retained our office for his naturalization application on May 3, 2012. The main issue of his naturalization case was the two long, over six-month trips that he had within the past four years.

According to INA §316(b) and 8 C.F.R. §316.5.(c)(1)(i), an absence between 6 months and 1 year from the United States raises a rebuttable presumption that continuity of residence has been interrupted. That would be an issue in naturalization cases, where continuity of residence is essential. Applicants with this issue should rebut that presumption should they wish to apply.

Our client was out of the United States for almost a year in two consecutive years. Our client was in India during those times to completion his undergraduate studies.  In our brief, we cited Li v. Chertoff, 490 F.Supp.2d 130 (D. Mass. 2007), which held that in cases where an applicant left the country to study abroad after they became a permanent resident, the courts have ruled that such study does not result in abandonment of residency. We asked the CIS to also apply this to our client’s case since the facts in the Li case is very analogous to our client’s.

The brief and his N-400 application were filed on May 14, 2012 with all necessary supporting documents. Our office prepared him for his interview, and also accompanied him on July 24, 2012 at the Cleveland CIS office. Our client answered all questions correctly and passed his citizenship interview. We emphasized the brief as well and her reasons for his long trips to India. His N-400 was approved after the interview. His oath taking is scheduled soon where he will become a U.S. Citizen.

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Case: I-130/I-485
Applicant/Beneficiary – Indian
Location: Cleveland, Ohio

Our client entered the United States in May 2011 from India with B-2 visitor visa. He married a U.S. citizen in October 2011 and retained our office on October 31, 2011 for his adjustment of status application.

Our office filed the I-130 Petition and I-485 Adjustment of Status Application on November 9, 2011.  Everything went smoothly and the receipt notices, fingerprint appointment, and work permits all came on time. Prior to the interview, we thoroughly prepared our clients at our office. On January 26, 2012, our client was interviewed at the Cleveland, OH USCIS.

On February 29, 2012, the USCIS issued a Request for Evidence (RFE) for our client. The CIS requested more documents that will demonstrate the bona fide nature of our client’s marital relationship with his wife.  In response to that, our office filed a Response to RFE on April 24, 2012.  We submitted several notarized affidavits from Petitioner’s ex-husband, family, mutual friends and neighbors. Eventually, on June 28, 2012, the I-130 Petition and I-485 Green Card Application were approved. Our client is now a green card holder.

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The July 2012 Visa Bulletin is out, and please be informed that the EB2 Category is not current anymore for Mexico, Philippines, and “Other Countries”. India and China actually have an “unavailable” priority date and it will likely be “unavailable” until the October 2012 Visa Bulletin comes out.  Whereas other countries including the Philippines and Mexico have always been current on the EB2 category, now, based on the visa bulletin for July 2012, the priority date is January 1, 2009. This means that for Mexico, Philippines, and other countries, even if EB2 labor certifications are approved, the I-140 could not be filed simultaneous to the I-485 adjustment of status application. Even if the I-140 is approved, with the priority date listed as 2009, it may take close to 3 years before one can even file the adjustment of status application. For China and India, even those with I-140s approved and priority dates of 2008, 2009, and 2010 could not even file I-485s until the visa numbers become available, and their priority dates current.  Thus, it is very important to maintain non-immigrant status until the priority date becomes current again.

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CASE: Marriage-Based Adjustment of Status
CLIENT: India
LOCATION: Cleveland, OH

Our client came to the United States in December 2000 as an H-4 visa holder from India.  Although her authorized stay in the U.S. expired in January 2004, she has stayed in the United States since then. In September 2011, she married her U.S. Citizen husband and retained our office on October 11, 2011 for her adjustment of status application. Our firm prepared and filed the I-130 Petition and Adjustment of Status Application on October 24, 2011. Everything went smoothly and the receipt notices, fingerprint appointment, and work permit all came on time. Prior to the interview, we thoroughly prepared our clients. On February 10, 2012, our client was interviewed at the Cleveland, OH USCIS. Our attorney accompanied them as well.

However, after the interview, the CIS office issued a Form I-72 asking for: a civil marriage certificate / abstract for our client and his previous husband, and an explanation as to why this marriage was not listed nor acknowledged during the interview. We reviewed the documents that she provided us after and realized that her previous marriage was only a religious marriage and not registered in the state of Ohio. Under immigration law, a religious marriage is considered a valid marriage for immigration purposes only if it is recognized by the sovereign in that country or state as a valid marriage.  Matter of Ceballos, 16 I&N Dec. 765 (BIA 1979).  Since our client’s previous religious marital ceremony was not registered in Ohio, it is not a valid marriage for immigration purposes. On May 8, 2012, our office filed a response to the Request for Evidence which included an affidavit from our client.

On May 30, 2012, our client’s I-485 adjustment of status application was approved. After 12 years in the United States, she is finally a permanent resident.

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CASE: Marriage-Based Adjustment of Status
CLIENT: Indian
LOCATION: Washington, D.C.

Our client came to the United States in May 2008 with an F-1 Student visa from India.  He married a U.S. Citizen in December 2011 and retained our office on December 12, 2011 for his adjustment of status application.  Our firm prepared and filed the I-130 Petition and Adjustment of Status Application on February 1, 2012.  Everything went smoothly and the receipt notices, fingerprint appointment, and work permits all came on time. Prior to the interview, we thoroughly prepared our clients through conference calls. On May 17, 2012, our client was interviewed at the Fairfax, VA USCIS office.  On the same day, his green card application was approved.

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CASE: H-1B Visa Petition (Change of Employer)
PETITIONER:  Electric Manufacturing Company
BENEFICIARY: Procurement Engineer

Our client is an electric immersion heater manufacturing company in Ohio. They contacted our office in late February to seek legal assistance from our office for their foreign employee.  The beneficiary is from India who obtained his Bachelor’s degree in Industrial Engineering in the United States. The proffered position for the Beneficiary is a procurement engineer which we argued qualifies as a specialty occupation.

The foreign beneficiary in this case had his H-1B from his previous employer. He was on his sixth year in H-1B which expires in September 2012, unfortunately, he was terminated in December 2011. So he looked for another employer and found one in February 2012. Since he was terminated from his H-1B employer in December 2011, he could not change status in the U.S. But he was still within the 180 day unlawful presence period, so he did not have a 3-year bar. He also wanted to extend his H-1B status not just up to September 2012, but to 5 months more by recapturing all the time he was out of the United States, and the remaining period that he was not on an H-1B. So we explained in our cover letter that the Beneficiary is eligible to recapture his remaining period of H-1B from the time of his termination from his previous employer, plus all those times that he was abroad on vacations.

Once retained, our office filed the H-1B visa petition with various supporting documents on March 20, 2011 via premium processing. The supporting documents included those for our recapture argument, such as copies of stamps on his passport, plane tickets, and the termination letter from his previous employer. Since this petition was based on a change in employer, this petition was exempted from the annual cap of the H-1B.  Thus, we could file prior to April 1.  There were no Requests for Evidence during the processing of the H-1B.  After 7 days, our client’s H-1B Petition was approved on March 27, 2011. That H-1B was valid until February 2013, which meant that the CIS granted our request for recapture. Now the Beneficiary can have an interview for his H-1B visa at the U.S. Embassy in India, and once admitted, he can work for his Petitioner-Employer as an H-1B visa holder up to February 2013.

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CASE: Marriage-Based Adjustment of Status
CLIENT: Indian
LOCATION: Cincinnati, OH

Our client came to the United States in January 2008 with a B-2 visitor visa from India.  He married a U.S. Citizen in February 2011 and retained our office on August 15, 2011 for his adjustment of status application. He was hesitant at first due to his criminal records. He wanted to check if some are classified as crimes of moral turpitude and if it would hurt his case. After doing research, we confirmed that it would not affect his case. Our firm prepared and filed the I-130 Petition and I-485 Adjustment of Status Application on August 23, 2011. The application included certified copies of his criminal record, both from Court and the police. Everything went smoothly and the receipt notices, fingerprint appointment, and work permits all came on time. Prior to the interview, we thoroughly prepared our clients. On December 9, 2011, our client was interviewed at the Cincinnati, Ohio USCIS office.  Attorney Sung Hee Glen Yu from our office accompanied them at the interview as well, and explained to the officer our position on his criminal records and why he still should be eligible for adjustment of status. On March 26, 2012, his green card application was approved, and our client obtained his green card.

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Our client came from India and has two approved I-140 petitions, one under the EB-2 category, and before that from the EB-3 category. He filed his I-485 adjustment of status application in 2007 when his EB-3 I-140 priority date was current.   In 2011, our client got another I-140 approval under the EB-2 category.

Our client retained our office on October 6, 2011 for an interfile request to the USCIS so that his I-485 application may be processed according to the availability of immigrant visas in the EB-2 category. At that point the priority date he had would have been current if based on the EB-2 category, which meant that his green card application would be adjudicated soon.

According to the CIS Adjudicator’s Field Manual Chapter 23.2(I)(2)(L):

“In order to convert an adjustment application to a new basis involving a preference classification, the alien must be the beneficiary of an approved visa petition (pertaining to that new basis) which has a current visa availability date. With limited exceptions, a priority date is NOT transferrable from one preference category to another or from one petition to another.

Note: The request for conversion of the adjustment application is a totally separate issue from the priority date determination. Priority dates for preference visa categories are determined in accordance with the provisions of 8 CFR 204.1(c) and (d) for family-based petitions or 8 CFR 204.5(d), (e) and (f) for employment-based petitions and are generally not transferable. The only exceptions to this general rule are:

• Conversion within the first three employment based categories (sections 203(b)(1), (2), and (3), as provided in 8 CFR 204.5(e)”

Since employment based priority dates for the first three preference petitions are transferable, such cases fall within the “limited exceptions” specified in the CIS manual. This provision suggests that substitutions involving different employment preference classifications are permissible, as it is in our client’s case.

The CIS Adjudicator’s Field Manual, in Chapter 23.2(I)(2), sets forth certain specific rules, including:

(C) The request must be made in writing. Verbal requests for conversion are unacceptable.
(D) There must be no break in the underlying eligibility prior to the conversion request.

Section 23.2(I)(C) and (D) of the Adjudicator’s Field Manual provides that an I-485 adjustment application may be converted from one eligibility basis to another if the request is made in writing and there is no break in the continuity of the underlying eligibility for adjustment prior to submission of the conversion request.

With the above standards cited, our office sent an interfile request to the USCIS Nebraska Service Center for our client and his three dependents.  Since our client is the beneficiary of multiple approved I-140 petitions; we requested that the basis of his pending I-485 application be converted to the EB-2 I-140 petition approved on his behalf.  We asked the USCIS to interfile our client’s second approved I-140 petition with his pending I-485 application and process his adjustment application, using his EB-3 priority date but according to the availability of immigrant visas in the EB-2 category, to make his I-485 application available for adjudication.

Eventually, on March 16, 2012, the USCIS Nebraska Service Center approved our client’s adjustment of status application.  After a long wait, our client, his wife, and his two children finally became green card holders.

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CASE: Marriage-Based Adjustment of Status
CLIENT: Indian
LOCATION: Seattle, WA

Our client came to the United States in 2011 with an L-1 intra-transferee visa from India.  He is currently working as a lead engineer for his employer in Seattle, WA.  He married a U.S. Citizen wife in 2011 and retained our office on October 19, 2011 for his adjustment of status application.  Our firm prepared and filed the I-130 Petition and I-485 Adjustment of Status Application on October 27, 2011.  Everything went smoothly and the receipt notices, fingerprint appointment, and work permit all came on time.  Prior to the interview, we thoroughly prepared our clients through conference calls.  On January 12, 2012, our client was interviewed at the Seattle, Washington USCIS.  The day after the interview, her green card application was approved.

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On November 29, 2011, Congress passed H.R. 3012 (The Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrant Act) by a vote of 389-15 with no additional amendments.  The measure now moves on to the Senate for consideration. The Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrant Act was introduced on September 22, 2011 by Rep. Chaffetz (R-UT) to eliminate the employment-based per-country cap entirely by fiscal year 2015 and raises the family-sponsored per-country cap from 7% to 15%.

This passed Bill aims to move away from the current law, under which immigrants from an individual country who are in the U.S. on an employment visa such as an H1-B cannot apply for more than seven per cent of the 140,000 green cards issued annually by the State Department. The Act ultimately eliminates this per country percentage cap. What this implies is that countries that are facing the highest demand-supply mismatch for green cards, among which India ranks first and China second, then Mexico and the Philippines will see a benefit in terms of prospective green card issuance (shorter waiting time for priority dates to be current), whereas the waiting time for other nations would be significantly longer.

Therefore, the Act greatly will improve the processing times for Indian and Chinese green card applicants.  However, an unintended consequence of the Act likely would be the slower processing times for natives of other countries.

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